diff --git a/src/shared/seccomp-util.c b/src/shared/seccomp-util.c
index 1cd662513b..e2261b0a52 100644
--- a/src/shared/seccomp-util.c
+++ b/src/shared/seccomp-util.c
@@ -879,6 +879,7 @@ const SyscallFilterSet syscall_filter_sets[_SYSCALL_FILTER_SET_MAX] = {
                 .name = "@sync",
                 .help = "Synchronize files and memory to storage",
                 .value =
+                /* Please also update the list in seccomp_suppress_sync(). */
                 "fdatasync\0"
                 "fsync\0"
                 "msync\0"
@@ -2464,8 +2465,10 @@ int seccomp_suppress_sync(void) {
         uint32_t arch;
         int r;
 
-        /* This is mostly identical to SystemCallFilter=~@sync:0, but simpler to use, and separately
-         * manageable, and also masks O_SYNC/O_DSYNC */
+        /* This behaves slightly differently from SystemCallFilter=~@sync:0, in that negative fds (which
+         * we can determine to be invalid) are still refused with EBADF. See #34478.
+         *
+         * Additionally, O_SYNC/O_DSYNC are masked. */
 
         SECCOMP_FOREACH_LOCAL_ARCH(arch) {
                 _cleanup_(seccomp_releasep) scmp_filter_ctx seccomp = NULL;
@@ -2483,11 +2486,21 @@ int seccomp_suppress_sync(void) {
                                 continue;
                         }
 
-                        r = seccomp_rule_add_exact(
-                                        seccomp,
-                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(0), /* success → we want this to be a NOP after all */
-                                        id,
-                                        0);
+                        if (STR_IN_SET(c, "fdatasync", "fsync", "sync_file_range", "sync_file_range2", "syncfs"))
+                                r = seccomp_rule_add_exact(
+                                                seccomp,
+                                                SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(0), /* success → we want this to be a NOP after all */
+                                                id,
+                                                1,
+                                                SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_LE, INT_MAX)); /* The rule handles arguments in unsigned. Hence, this
+                                                                                 * means non-negative fd matches the rule, and the negative
+                                                                                 * fd passed to the syscall (then it fails with EBADF). */
+                        else
+                                r = seccomp_rule_add_exact(
+                                                seccomp,
+                                                SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(0), /* success → we want this to be a NOP after all */
+                                                id,
+                                                0);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to add filter for system call %s, ignoring: %m", c);
                 }
diff --git a/src/test/test-seccomp.c b/src/test/test-seccomp.c
index 74d950ad1c..459708ee00 100644
--- a/src/test/test-seccomp.c
+++ b/src/test/test-seccomp.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "capability-util.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "memory-util.h"
 #include "missing_sched.h"
@@ -1229,4 +1230,55 @@ TEST(restrict_suid_sgid) {
         assert_se(wait_for_terminate_and_check("suidsgidseccomp", pid, WAIT_LOG) == EXIT_SUCCESS);
 }
 
+static void test_seccomp_suppress_sync_child(void) {
+        _cleanup_(unlink_and_freep) char *path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
+
+        ASSERT_OK(tempfn_random("/tmp/seccomp_suppress_sync", NULL, &path));
+        ASSERT_OK_ERRNO(fd = open(path, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_SYNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0666));
+        fd = safe_close(fd);
+
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(fdatasync(-1), EBADF);
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(fsync(-1), EBADF);
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(syncfs(-1), EBADF);
+
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(fdatasync(INT_MAX), EBADF);
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(fsync(INT_MAX), EBADF);
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(syncfs(INT_MAX), EBADF);
+
+        ASSERT_OK(seccomp_suppress_sync());
+
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(fd = open(path, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_SYNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0666), EINVAL);
+
+        ASSERT_OK_ERRNO(fdatasync(INT_MAX));
+        ASSERT_OK_ERRNO(fsync(INT_MAX));
+        ASSERT_OK_ERRNO(syncfs(INT_MAX));
+
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(fdatasync(-1), EBADF);
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(fsync(-1), EBADF);
+        ASSERT_ERROR_ERRNO(syncfs(-1), EBADF);
+}
+
+TEST(seccomp_suppress_sync) {
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        if (!is_seccomp_available()) {
+                log_notice("Seccomp not available, skipping %s", __func__);
+                return;
+        }
+        if (!have_seccomp_privs()) {
+                log_notice("Not privileged, skipping %s", __func__);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        ASSERT_OK_ERRNO(pid = fork());
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                test_seccomp_suppress_sync_child();
+                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+        }
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(wait_for_terminate_and_check("seccomp_suppress_sync", pid, WAIT_LOG), EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
 DEFINE_TEST_MAIN(LOG_DEBUG);