mirror of
https://github.com/morgan9e/systemd
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423 lines
19 KiB
XML
423 lines
19 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?>
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
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<refentry id="run0"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>run0</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>run0</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>run0</refname>
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<refpurpose>Elevate privileges</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>run0</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">COMMAND</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para><command>run0</command> may be used to temporarily and interactively acquire elevated or different
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privileges. It serves a similar purpose as <citerefentry
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project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, but
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operates differently in a couple of key areas:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>No execution or security context credentials are inherited from the caller into the
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invoked commands, as they are invoked from a fresh, isolated service forked off by the service manager.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Authentication takes place via <ulink
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url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/polkit">polkit</ulink>, thus isolating the
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authentication prompt from the terminal (if possible).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>An independent pseudo-tty is allocated for the invoked command, detaching its lifecycle and
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isolating it for security.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>No SetUID/SetGID file access bit functionality is used for the implementation.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Altogether this should provide a safer and more robust alternative to the <command>sudo</command>
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mechanism, in particular in OS environments where SetUID/SetGID support is not available (for example by
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setting the <varname>NoNewPrivileges=</varname> variable in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para>
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<para>Any session invoked via <command>run0</command> will run through the
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<literal>systemd-run0</literal> PAM stack.</para>
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<para>Note that <command>run0</command> is implemented as an alternative multi-call invocation of
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. That is,
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<command>run0</command> is a symbolic link to <command>systemd-run</command> executable file, and it
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behaves as <command>run0</command> if it is invoked through the symbolic link, otherwise behaves as
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<command>systemd-run</command>.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--unit=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Use this unit name instead of an automatically generated one.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--property=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets a property of the service unit that is created. This option takes an assignment
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in the same format as
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
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<command>set-property</command> command.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--description=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Provide a description for the service unit that is invoked. If not specified,
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the command itself will be used as a description. See <varname>Description=</varname> in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--slice=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Make the new <filename>.service</filename> unit part of the specified slice, instead
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of <filename>user.slice</filename>.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--slice-inherit</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Make the new <filename>.service</filename> unit part of the slice the
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<command>run0</command> itself has been invoked in. This option may be combined with
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<option>--slice=</option>, in which case the slice specified via <option>--slice=</option> is placed
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within the slice the <command>run0</command> command is invoked in.</para>
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<para>Example: consider <command>run0</command> being invoked in the slice
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<filename>foo.slice</filename>, and the <option>--slice=</option> argument is
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<filename>bar</filename>. The unit will then be placed under
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<filename>foo-bar.slice</filename>.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--user=</option></term>
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<term><option>-u</option></term>
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<term><option>--group=</option></term>
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<term><option>-g</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Switches to the specified user/group. If not specified defaults to
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<literal>root</literal>, unless <option>--area=</option> or <option>--empower</option> are used (see
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below), in which case this defaults to the invoking user.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--nice=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Runs the invoked session with the specified nice level.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--chdir=</option></term>
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<term><option>-D</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Runs the invoked session with the specified working directory. If not specified
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defaults to the client's current working directory if switching to the root user, or the target
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user's home directory otherwise.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--via-shell</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Invokes the target user's login shell and runs the specified command (if any) via it.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-i</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Shortcut for <option>--via-shell --chdir='~'</option>.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--setenv=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Runs the invoked session with the specified environment variable set. This parameter
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may be used more than once to set multiple variables. When <literal>=</literal> and
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<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable> are omitted, the value of the variable with the same name in the
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invoking environment will be used.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--background=<replaceable>COLOR</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Change the terminal background color to the specified ANSI color as long as the
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session lasts. If not specified, the background will be tinted in a reddish tone when operating as
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root, and in a yellowish tone when operating under another UID, as reminder of the changed
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privileges. The color specified should be an ANSI X3.64 SGR background color, i.e. strings such as
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<literal>40</literal>, <literal>41</literal>, …, <literal>47</literal>, <literal>48;2;…</literal>,
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<literal>48;5;…</literal>. See <ulink
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url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#SGR_(Select_Graphic_Rendition)_parameters">ANSI
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Escape Code (Wikipedia)</ulink> for details. Set to an empty string to disable.</para>
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<para>Example: <literal>--background=44</literal> for a blue background.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--pty</option></term>
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<term><option>--pty-late</option></term>
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<term><option>--pipe</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Request allocation of a pseudo TTY for the <command>run0</command> session (in case
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of <option>--pty</option> or <option>--pty-late</option>), or request passing the caller's STDIO file
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descriptors directly through (in case of <option>--pipe</option>). <option>--pty-late</option> is
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very similar to <option>--pty</option> but begins the TTY processing only once unit startup is
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complete, leaving input to any passwords/polkit agents until that time. If neither switch is
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specified, or if both <option>--pipe</option> and one of
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<option>--pty</option>/<option>--pty-late</option> are specified, the mode will be picked
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automatically: if standard input, standard output, and standard error output are all connected to a
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TTY then a pseudo TTY is allocated (in <option>--pty-late</option> mode unless
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<option>--no-ask-password</option> is specified in which case <option>--pty</option> is selected),
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otherwise the relevant file descriptors are passed through directly.</para>
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<para id="v257"><option>--pty</option> and <option>--pipe</option> were added in v257.</para>
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<para id="v258"><option>--pty-late</option> was added in v258.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--shell-prompt-prefix=<replaceable>STRING</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set a shell prompt prefix string. This ultimately controls the
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<varname>$SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX</varname> environment variable for the invoked program, which is
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typically imported into the shell prompt. By default – if emojis are supported –, a superhero emoji is
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shown (🦸). This default may also be changed (or turned off) by passing the
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<varname>$SYSTEMD_RUN_SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX</varname> environment variable to <varname>run0</varname>,
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see below. Set to an empty string to disable shell prompt prefixing.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v257"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--lightweight=<replaceable>BOOLEAN</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls whether to activate the per-user service manager for the target user. By
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default if the target user is <literal>root</literal> or a system user the per-user service manager
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is not activated as effect of the <command>run0</command> invocation, otherwise it is.</para>
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<para>This ultimately controls the <varname>$XDG_SESSION_CLASS</varname> environment variable
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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respects.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--area=<replaceable>AREA</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls the "area" of the target account to log into. Areas are secondary home
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directories within the primary home directory of the target user, i.e. logging into area
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<literal>foobar</literal> of an account translates to <varname>$HOME</varname> being set to
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<filename>~/Areas/foobar</filename> on login.</para>
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<para>If this option is used, the default user to transition to changes from root to the calling
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user's (but <option>--user=</option> takes precedence, see above). Or in other words, just specifying
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an area without a user is a mechanism to create a new session of the calling user, just with a
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different area.</para>
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<para>This ultimately controls the <varname>$XDG_AREA</varname> environment variable
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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respects.</para>
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<para>For details on the area concept see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd_home</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--empower</option></term>
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<listitem><para>If specified, run0 will elevate the privileges of the selected user (using
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<option>--user=</option>) or the current user if no user is explicitly selected. Currently this means
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we give the invoked process all available capabilities and add the the <literal>empower</literal>
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group as a supplemental group (for which all polkit actions are allowed by default), but other
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privileges may be granted in the future as well when using this option.</para>
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<para>Note that other (unprivileged) processes of the selected user will have privileges over the
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invoked process. Consider not using this option in an environment where there might be malicious
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processes running as the selected user.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v259"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--same-root-dir</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Execute the <command>run0</command> session in the same root directory that the
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<command>run0</command> command is executed in.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v259"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--machine=</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Execute operation in a local container. Specify a container name to connect to.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-ask-password" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
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</variablelist>
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<para>All command line arguments after the first non-option argument become part of the command line of
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the launched process. If no command line is specified an interactive shell is invoked. The shell to
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invoke may be controlled through <option>--via-shell</option> - when specified the target user's shell
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is used - or <option>--setenv=SHELL=…</option>. By default, the <emphasis>originating user's</emphasis> shell
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is executed if operating locally, or <filename>/bin/sh</filename> when operating with <option>--machine=</option>.</para>
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<para>Note that unlike <command>sudo</command>, <command>run0</command> always spawns shells with login shell
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semantics, regardless of <option>-i</option>.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Exit status</title>
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<para>On success, 0 is returned. If <command>run0</command> failed to start the session or the specified command fails, a
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non-zero return value will be returned.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Environment Variables</title>
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<para>As with <command>systemd-run</command>, the session will inherit the system
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environment from the service manager. In addition, the following environment variables will be set:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>$TERM</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>Copied from the <varname>$TERM</varname> of the caller. Can be overridden with
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<option>--setenv=</option></para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>$SUDO_USER</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>Set to the username of the originating user.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>$SUDO_UID</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>Set to the numeric UNIX user id of the originating user.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>$SUDO_GID</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>Set to the primary numeric UNIX group id of the originating session.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>$SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>By default, set to the superhero emoji (if supported), but may be overridden with the
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<varname>$SYSTEMD_RUN_SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX</varname> environment variable (see below), or the
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<option>--shell-prompt-prefix=</option> switch (see above).</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v257"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>The following variables may be passed to <command>run0</command>:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_RUN_SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>If set, overrides the default shell prompt prefix that <command>run0</command> sets
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for the invoked shell (the superhero emoji). Set to an empty string to disable shell prompt
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prefixing.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v257"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>See Also</title>
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<para><simplelist type="inline">
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||
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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</simplelist></para>
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</refsect1>
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</refentry>
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